“The 2%, the 3%, and the 95%: The Importance of Critical Thinking”

Abstract

The quote "2% of the people think; 3% think they think; and 95% doesn't think at all" is often attributed to George Bernard Shaw. It suggests that a small percentage of people are truly capable of critical thinking, while the vast majority are content to follow the crowd or accept things at face value.

Introduction

In this article, we will explore the meaning of this quote and its implications for our lives. We will discuss the importance of critical thinking and how to develop our own ability to think for ourselves. We will also look at the challenges of thinking critically in a world that is increasingly polarized and divided.

Steps

Here are the steps to write the article:

1. Do some research on the quote and its origins.

2. Define critical thinking and explain its importance.

3. Discuss the challenges of thinking critically in today's world.

4. Offer tips on how to develop your own critical thinking skills.

5. Write a conclusion that summarizes the main points of the article.

Research Studies 

Critical thinking is a vital skill that enables individuals to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information to form reasoned judgments and make informed decisions. Numerous research studies have explored the importance of critical thinking in various contexts, from education to professional settings. Here are a few notable research studies that highlight the significance of critical thinking:

1. "Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus for Purposes of Educational Assessment and Instruction" by Peter A. Facione et al. (1990): This seminal study aimed to define and operationalize critical thinking. It involved a Delphi method, where experts in the field reached a consensus on the core components and skills of critical thinking. The resulting framework, known as the Facione framework, has been widely adopted and informs educational practices worldwide.

2. "Critical Thinking: A Literature Review" by Pearson (2011): This comprehensive literature review examined various studies on critical thinking across disciplines and contexts. It explored the definition, assessment, and instructional strategies associated with critical thinking. The review emphasized the importance of critical thinking skills in promoting academic achievement, problem-solving, and lifelong learning.

3. "Teaching Critical Thinking for Transfer Across Domains: Dispositions, Skills, Structure Training, and Metacognitive Monitoring" by Diane F. Halpern (1998): This study investigated the effectiveness of different instructional approaches in developing critical thinking skills that transfer to different domains. The research highlighted the importance of fostering not only critical thinking skills but also the dispositions and metacognitive strategies necessary for effective application in diverse contexts.

4. "The Relationship Between Critical Thinking Skills and Perceived Stress Levels Among University Students" by Noura Alshammari (2018): This study explored the relationship between critical thinking skills and perceived stress levels among university students. The findings indicated a negative correlation between critical thinking skills and stress levels, suggesting that enhanced critical thinking abilities may contribute to better stress management and overall well-being.

5. "The Effects of Teaching Critical Thinking Skills on Reading Comprehension in Iranian High School Students" by Mina Rastegar et al. (2017): This study investigated the impact of explicit instruction in critical thinking skills on reading comprehension among high school students in Iran. The results demonstrated significant improvements in students' reading comprehension abilities, indicating the positive influence of critical thinking training on academic performance.

These studies collectively underscore the importance of critical thinking in various domains, including education, problem-solving, stress management, and cognitive development. They highlight the need for explicit instruction, practice, and the cultivation of critical thinking dispositions to foster individuals' ability to think critically and make sound judgments in an increasingly complex world.

Think Tanks

Introduction:

Think tanks play a crucial role in shaping public policy, providing research and analysis to inform decision-making processes. To fulfill their mission effectively, think tanks rely heavily on critical thinking skills. This article explores the significance of critical thinking within think tanks, examining how it influences their research, policy recommendations, and overall impact.

1. The 2%: Critical Thinking Expertise:

Within think tanks, a small group of individuals with exceptional critical thinking skills forms the core team responsible for conducting rigorous research and analysis. These experts possess the ability to question assumptions, evaluate evidence, and identify logical fallacies. Their critical thinking expertise enables them to navigate complex issues, identify emerging trends, and generate innovative policy solutions.

2. The 3%: Critical Thinking in Policy Advocacy:

While a small percentage of think tank staff are critical thinking experts, a broader group of policy analysts and researchers also employ critical thinking skills in their work. These individuals apply critical thinking to assess policy options, analyze their potential impact, and communicate policy recommendations effectively. Their ability to think critically enhances the credibility and persuasiveness of think tank reports and advocacy efforts.

3. The 95%: Critical Thinking for Informed Decision-Making:

Beyond the think tank staff, critical thinking skills are essential for the broader audience that relies on their research and policy recommendations. Policymakers, journalists, and the public need to engage in critical thinking when evaluating think tank reports and recommendations. Critical thinking empowers these stakeholders to assess the validity, reliability, and potential biases of the information presented, ensuring informed decision-making and public discourse.

4. Enhancing Critical Thinking in Think Tanks:

Recognizing the importance of critical thinking, think tanks are increasingly investing in initiatives to enhance this skill set among their staff. Training programs, workshops, and collaborative environments are employed to foster critical thinking abilities. By nurturing critical thinking skills, think tanks can enhance the quality and impact of their research, contributing to more robust policy debates and informed decision-making processes.

5. Leveraging Critical Thinking in Public Engagement:

Think tanks are also exploring ways to promote critical thinking skills among the wider public. Through public events, online platforms, and educational outreach, think tanks aim to equip individuals with the tools necessary to think critically about complex policy issues. By fostering critical thinking in society at large, think tanks contribute to a more engaged and informed citizenry.

Conclusion

Critical thinking lies at the heart of think tanks' ability to generate influential research, shape policies, and contribute to public discourse. It is the driving force behind evidence-based analysis, innovative solutions, and informed decision-making. By recognizing the importance of critical thinking and actively cultivating this skill set, think tanks can continue to play a vital role in addressing complex societal challenges and shaping the future of public policy.

Constitution: |”Age Requirements for National Political Office in the United States Constitution”

Abstract 

The United States Constitution sets three age requirements for service in the federal government: 35 years of age to be President, 30 years of age to be a Senator, and 25 years of age to be a Representative. These requirements were set by the Founding Fathers in 1787, and they have been the subject of some debate over the years. Some people have argued that they are too high, and that they prevent young people from getting involved in politics. Others have argued that the requirements are necessary to ensure that the people who hold these offices are capable of making sound decisions.

The age requirements for national political office in the United States Constitution are still in effect today. However, there have been some calls to lower these requirements, particularly for the office of President. It is possible that these requirements will be changed in the future, but for now they remain an important part of the Constitution.

This article will discuss the history of the age requirements for national political office in the United States Constitution, the reasons for these requirements, and the debate over whether or not they should be changed.

Keywords age requirements, national political office, United States Constitution, Founding Fathers, debate, change

Book: The Constitution of the United States and The Declaration of Independence: https://amzn.to/46LhgQl

Steps

1. The Constitution sets three qualifications for service in the U.S. Senate: age (at least thirty years of age); U.S. citizenship (at least nine years); and residency in the state a senator represents at time of election.

2. The Constitution also sets three qualifications for service in the U.S. House of Representatives: age (at least twenty-five years of age); U.S. citizenship (at least seven years); and residency in the state a representative represents at time of election.

3. The Constitution does not set an age requirement for the office of President of the United States, but it does require that the president be a natural born citizen of the United States, a resident for 14 years, and 35 years of age or older.

Explanation

The age requirements for national political office in the United States Constitution were set by the Founding Fathers in 1787. The reasons for these requirements are not entirely clear, but they may have been based on a belief that people need to reach a certain level of maturity and experience before they can be entrusted with the responsibilities of high office.

The age requirements have been the subject of some debate over the years. Some people have argued that they are too high, and that they prevent young people from getting involved in politics. Others have argued that the requirements are necessary to ensure that the people who hold these offices are capable of making sound decisions.

The age requirements for national political office in the United States Constitution are still in effect today. However, there have been some calls to lower these requirements, particularly for the office of President. It is possible that these requirements will be changed in the future, but for now they remain an important part of the Constitution.

Additional Information

* The age requirements for national political office in the United States Constitution are not the only age requirements for political office in the country. Many states also have age requirements for state and local offices.

* The age requirements for national political office in the United States Constitution are not the same as the voting age. The voting age in the United States is 18 years old.

* The age requirements for national political office in the United States Constitution have been challenged in court a few times, but they have always been upheld.

Resources 

The United States Constitution does explicitly state age requirements for national political office. However, there are specific age requirements outlined in the Constitution for certain positions. Here are some resources that can provide further information on age requirements for national political office in the United States Constitution:

1. The United States Constitution: The primary source for understanding the laws and provisions of the U.S. government is the Constitution itself. You can access the full text of the Constitution, including relevant sections such as Article II for the presidency and Article I for Congress, on official government websites or legal databases.

2. Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports: The CRS provides non-partisan research and analysis for Congress. They produce reports on various topics, including constitutional provisions, age requirements, and qualifications for national political office. These reports are typically available to the public through sources like the CRS website, the Library of Congress, or specialized research databases.

3. Legal Databases: Online legal databases such as Westlaw, LexisNexis, or HeinOnline contain a wealth of legal resources, including case law, statutes, and legal commentary. These databases can be helpful in finding specific court cases or legal interpretations related to age requirements for national political office.

4. Law Reviews and Legal Journals: Academic journals and law reviews often publish articles and analyses on constitutional law and political office requirements. These sources can provide scholarly insights and interpretations of the Constitution's provisions regarding age requirements.

5. Constitutional Law Textbooks: Consult textbooks on constitutional law, which will typically cover the relevant provisions of the Constitution and provide commentary and analysis. Examples include "Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies" by Erwin Chemerinsky, "The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation" published by the U.S. Government Publishing Office, or "American Constitutional Law: Powers and Liberties" by Calvin R. Massey.

6. Legal Blogs and Websites: Various legal blogs and websites, such as SCOTUSblog or Justia, often provide analysis and commentary on constitutional law topics. These sources can offer insights and interpretations on age requirements for national political office.

Remember to critically evaluate the sources you use, considering their credibility, authorship, and relevance to your specific research or inquiry. Consulting legal experts or scholars in constitutional law can also provide valuable insights into the topic.

Sources

1. quizlet.com/359315948/the-united-states-congress-review-sheet-flash-cards/

Super PAC| “How to Set Up a Super PAC?”| “How to Register a Super PAC?”

Noteworthy: There’s Amazon link provided in the article, if you purchase the book from this link, there will be a commission paid into my account. Thanks 

Abstract 

Super PACs are political action committees that can raise and spend unlimited sums of money to influence elections. This article provides a step-by-step guide on how to set up a Super PAC, including how to select a name, determine the governance structure, open a bank account, select a treasurer, file a Statement of Organization with the FEC, and file regular reports with the FEC. The article also provides additional information about Super PACs, such as the rules governing their activities and the requirements for disclosing donors.

Here is another abstract for "How to Register a Super PAC"

This article provides a brief overview of the process of registering a Super PAC with the Federal Election Commission (FEC). The article discusses the requirements for registering a Super PAC, including the information that must be included in the Statement of Organization, the filing fees, and the deadlines for filing. The article also provides links to the FEC's website, where you can find more detailed information about registering a Super PAC.

Introduction

A Super PAC is a political action committee that can raise and spend unlimited sums of money to influence elections. Super PACs are different from traditional PACs, which are limited in how much money they can raise and spend.

Steps on How to Register a Super PAC

1. Select a name for your Super PAC. The name must be unique and cannot be the same as the name of any other PAC or political party.

2. Determine the governance structure of your Super PAC. You can choose to incorporate your Super PAC or operate it as a non-profit organization.

3. Open a bank account in the name of your Super PAC.

4. Select a treasurer for your Super PAC. The treasurer is responsible for managing the financial records of the Super PAC.

5. File a Statement of Organization with the Federal Election Commission (FEC). The Statement of Organization must include information about the name, address, and treasurer of the Super PAC.

6. File regular reports with the FEC. Super PACs are required to file regular reports with the FEC disclosing their fundraising and spending activities.

Book: Joe Blow's Guide to Super PACs. How to Start & Operate your Own Super PAC: https://amzn.to/46Tiysg

Additional Information

* Super PACs cannot coordinate their activities with the campaigns of individual candidates.

* Super PACs can only spend money on independent expenditures, which means that they cannot directly contribute to or coordinate with the campaigns of individual candidates.

* Super PACs are required to disclose their donors to the FEC.

Experts on Super PAC’s

To set up a Super PAC (Political Action Committee), thorough research and understanding of the legal requirements and regulations are crucial. Here are some steps to guide you in the process:

1. Research Super PAC regulations: Begin by researching the regulations and guidelines set forth by the Federal Election Commission (FEC) regarding Super PACs. The FEC website (www.fec.gov) is an excellent resource to access information about the legal framework, reporting requirements, and other relevant guidelines.

2. Legal considerations: Consult with an attorney who specializes in campaign finance law. They can provide legal advice and guidance on complying with federal, state, and local laws regarding Super PACs. They can also help you understand the implications and restrictions associated with forming and operating a Super PAC.

3. Identify the purpose and goals: Determine the purpose and objectives of your Super PAC. Decide on the issues or candidates you wish to support or oppose. This will help you define your mission and establish a clear focus for your Super PAC.

4. Form a committee: Assemble a group of individuals who share your goals and are willing to contribute time and resources to the Super PAC. This committee will be responsible for overseeing the operations and decision-making processes of the Super PAC.

5. Register with the FEC: To establish a Super PAC, you must register with the FEC as a political committee. This involves completing the necessary forms and providing detailed information about the organization, its purpose, and its leadership. The FEC website provides guidance on the registration process, including the required forms and filing deadlines.

6. Establish a bank account: Open a separate bank account for the Super PAC to handle financial transactions. It is essential to keep the Super PAC's funds separate from personal or other organizational finances.

7. Develop a fundraising strategy: Determine how you will raise funds for your Super PAC. Research various fundraising methods, such as individual contributions, corporate donations (if permitted), and fundraising events. Familiarize yourself with the rules and regulations surrounding campaign finance contributions and disclosures.

8. Comply with reporting requirements: Super PACs are required to file regular reports with the FEC, disclosing financial activities, contributions, and expenditures. Understand the reporting deadlines and requirements to ensure compliance and transparency.

9. Engage in political activities: Once your Super PAC is established, you can engage in political activities such as endorsing candidates, running issue-focused campaigns, or conducting independent expenditures. It is important to understand the restrictions and guidelines governing these activities to avoid any legal issues.

10. Stay informed and adapt: Keep up-to-date with any changes or developments in campaign finance laws and regulations. Regularly review FEC guidance and consult legal experts to ensure ongoing compliance with all requirements.

Remember, the process of setting up a Super PAC can be complex and may involve legal and financial considerations. Consulting with legal professionals and campaign finance experts is highly recommended to navigate the process successfully and ensure compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.

Collegiate Research and Studies 

While specific collegiate research studies on how to set up a Super PAC may be limited, there are several academic resources that provide insights into campaign finance, political action committees, and related topics. These resources can help inform your understanding of the process and legal considerations involved in setting up a Super PAC. Here are a few scholarly sources that may be helpful:

1. "The Influence of Political Action Committees on State Legislative Elections" by Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal: This research paper examines the impact of Political Action Committees (PACs) on state legislative elections. While it does not specifically focus on Super PACs, it provides valuable insights into the influence and role of PACs in the political landscape.

2. "Campaign Money: Reform and Reality in the States" edited by Herbert E. Alexander: This book analyzes the role of money in politics and campaign finance reform efforts at the state level. It provides a comprehensive overview of the complexities and challenges surrounding political fundraising and the influence of PACs.

3. "The Fallacy of Campaign Finance Reform" by John Samples: This academic article critically examines the arguments and assumptions underlying campaign finance reform efforts. It offers a nuanced perspective on the role of PACs and the impact of campaign finance regulations on political speech.

4. "Money, Politics, and Democracy: Campaign Finance Reform and the Future of American Democracy" edited by Michael J. Malbin: This book brings together various scholars to discuss campaign finance reform and its implications for American democracy. It covers a range of topics, including the role of PACs and the challenges of regulating political spending.

5. "Campaign Finance: What Everyone Needs to Know" by Robert E. Mutch: This book provides a comprehensive overview of campaign finance in the United States. It explores the history, legal framework, and various aspects of political fundraising, including the role of PACs.

While these sources may not specifically focus on setting up a Super PAC, they offer valuable insights into campaign finance, PACs, and the broader context in which Super PACs operate. Additionally, consulting academic databases such as JSTOR, ProQuest, or Google Scholar can help you find more specific research articles or studies related to campaign finance and political action committees.

Conclusion

Setting up a Super PAC is a complex process, but it can be done by following the steps outlined above. Super PACs can be a powerful tool for influencing elections, but it is important to understand the rules and regulations governing their activities.

Additional Resources

* Federal Election Commission website: https://www.fec.gov/

* Campaign Legal Center website: https://www.campaignlegal.org/

* OpenSecrets website: https://www.opensecrets.org/