Executed: |”George Junius Stinney Jr. and “83 Days"|”Becoming the Youngest Person to be Executed in the United States”

George Junius Stinney Jr. was a 14-year-old black boy who was wrongfully convicted and executed for the murders of two white girls in Alcolu, South Carolina in 1944.

Stinney was arrested on March 24, 1944, two days after the bodies of Betty June Binnicker, 11, and Mary Emma Thames, 7, were found beaten to death with a railroad spike. Stinney was the last person to see the girls alive, and he confessed to the murders after being interrogated by police for hours without his parents or a lawyer present.

Stinney's trial lasted only one day. The jury, which was all white, deliberated for only 10 minutes before finding him guilty and sentencing him to death. Stinney was executed by electric chair on June 16, 1944, becoming the youngest person to be executed in the United States in the 20th century.

There is no physical evidence linking Stinney to the murders, and his confession was widely believed to have been coerced. In 2014, a judge vacated Stinney's conviction and ordered a new trial, but the state of South Carolina declined to retry him.

Stinney's case is a reminder of the injustice that African Americans faced in the Jim Crow South. He was a victim of racism and prejudice, and he was denied a fair trial. His story is a tragedy, but it is also a reminder of the progress that has been made in the fight for racial equality.

In 2020, a documentary film called "83 Days" was released about Stinney's case. The film explores the circumstances of the murders, Stinney's trial, and the efforts to exonerate him. It is a powerful reminder of the injustice that Stinney faced, and it is a call for justice for all victims of wrongful conviction.

United States Justice Department on the George Junius Stinney Jr., Case 

In 2014, the United States Justice Department issued a statement about the case of George Junius Stinney Jr., the youngest person to be executed in the United States in the 20th century. The statement said that Stinney's conviction was "deeply flawed" and that "the available evidence strongly suggests that he was wrongfully convicted."

The statement also said that the Justice Department was "deeply troubled" by the fact that Stinney was executed at such a young age. "The execution of a child is a grave injustice," the statement said. "It is especially troubling when the child is convicted on the basis of a coerced confession and without the benefit of a fair trial."

The Justice Department's statement was a significant step in the fight for justice for Stinney. It acknowledged the flaws in his conviction and called for a new investigation into his case. In 2018, a judge vacated Stinney's conviction and ordered a new trial, but the state of South Carolina declined to retry him.

Stinney's case is a reminder of the injustice that African Americans faced in the Jim Crow South. He was a victim of racism and prejudice, and he was denied a fair trial. His story is a tragedy, but it is also a reminder of the progress that has been made in the fight for racial equality.

The Justice Department's statement about Stinney's case is a welcome step in the right direction. It is a recognition that Stinney was wrongfully convicted and that his execution was a grave injustice. The statement is also a call for further investigation into Stinney's case and for justice for all victims of wrongful conviction.

In addition to the Justice Department's statement, the documentary film "83 Days" also raises awareness of Stinney's case. The film explores the circumstances of the murders, Stinney's trial, and the efforts to exonerate him. It is a powerful reminder of the injustice that Stinney faced, and it is a call for justice for all victims of wrongful conviction.

Summary 

"George Junius Stinney Jr. and '83 Days': Becoming the Youngest Person to be Executed in the United States" covers the heart-wrenching story of George Stinney Jr., a 14-year-old African American boy, who holds the grim record of being the youngest person executed in the United States in the 20th century. 

In 1944, Stinney was accused of murdering two white girls in Alcolu, South Carolina. The legal procedures that followed were marked by numerous controversies and due process violations. Stinney was hastily tried by an all-white jury, and the trial lasted merely a few hours with minimal presentation of evidence. He was found guilty and sentenced to death by electric chair, all within '83 days' of his arrest.

This tragic story underscores the deep-seated racial prejudice and systemic injustice that was prevalent in the American judicial system, particularly in the Jim Crow South. It serves as a stark reminder of the need for continued efforts towards ensuring equality and justice for all.

“On the Struggles that Define America: The Soul of America and How African Americans Struggle for Equality”

 

I. Introduction

A. The American soul is a reflection of the country’s history, diversity, resilience, and the ongoing struggle for equality. It’s a testament to the nation’s democratic ideals, cultural richness, and the spirit of perseverance.

B. America’s history is marked by struggles, from the fight for independence to the ongoing battle for equal rights for all its citizens, shaping its identity and defining its values.

II. Historical Context of African American Struggles

A. Slavery defined the early African American experience, with millions forcibly brought to America and subjected to unimaginable hardship. This brutal system left a lasting impact on African American communities and the nation as a whole.

B. The Civil War and Reconstruction Era marked a significant turning point, with the abolition of slavery and the promise of equal rights. However, systemic discrimination persisted, setting the stage for future struggles.

III. The Civil Rights Movement

A. Key figures like Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X, along with events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington, played pivotal roles in the fight for equality.

B. Legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 had profound impacts, outlawing segregation and securing voting rights for African Americans.

C. Rosa Parks being arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955. This image is a symbol of the early days of the Civil Rights Movement, and it helped to spark a national conversation about segregation.

D. Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his “I Have a Dream” speech at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. This is one of the most famous images of the Civil Rights Movement, and it captures the hope and determination of the movement.

E. Protesters marching across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama in 1965. This image is a powerful reminder of the violence and brutality that African Americans faced during the Civil Rights Movement.

IV. Modern Day Struggles for Equality

A. Despite progress, systemic racism continues to affect African Americans, manifesting in disparities in education, employment, housing, and the criminal justice system.

B. Movements like Black Lives Matter reflect the ongoing fight against racial injustice, sparking global conversations about race and equality.

V. African American Contributions to the Soul of America

A. African American contributions to music, art, and literature have shaped American culture, from jazz and blues to the Harlem Renaissance and beyond.

B. African American leaders and activists have had a significant impact on the political landscape, advocating for civil rights and social justice.

C. A young black girl being escorted to school by federal marshals in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957. This image is a symbol of the courage and determination of the African American community in the face of segregation.

VI. The Ongoing Struggle for Equality

A. Current challenges include systemic racism, police brutality, and economic inequality, among others.

B. Future prospects for equality remain a central concern, as the nation continues to grapple with its history and seeks to fulfill its promise of liberty and justice for all.

VII. Conclusion

A. The struggle for equality has played a significant role in shaping the American soul, highlighting the nation’s capacity for change and its commitment to democratic ideals.

B. The journey towards equality is ongoing, reflecting the enduring spirit of struggle that defines America.

Bill of Rights Proposal: |”The Public Service and Constitutional Knowledge Amendment"

Abstract 

Remember, while your proposal could help ensure that elected officials have a strong understanding of the laws they are sworn to uphold and have demonstrated a commitment to public service, it would also be a significant change to the current requirements for office. As such, it would likely be subject to extensive debate and would need to be ratified by three-fourths of the states to become an amendment to the Constitution.

Introduction 

My proposal for an amendment could be broken down into two main parts:

1. Constitutional Knowledge Requirement: All candidates running for office would be required to pass a test demonstrating their knowledge and understanding of the respective constitutions and laws that they would be sworn to uphold.

2. Public Service Prerequisite: All candidates would need to have served the government in some capacity prior to running for office. This could include roles such as an intern, a government employee, a reservist, or regular military service, among others.

Suggestions for Implementing the Amendment

1. Standardized Testing: The government could create a standardized test that covers the Constitution, other important laws, and basic civics knowledge. This could be similar to the tests already given to immigrants applying for U.S. citizenship.

2. Varied Public Service: The requirement for prior public service could be broad and inclusive, to reflect the diverse ways that people can serve their community. This could include teachers, first responders, public health workers, and more.

3. Grandfather Clause: To ensure fairness, there could be a 'grandfather clause' allowing those who are already in office to continue their service without meeting these new requirements, but they would need to meet them if they run for a new office or another term.

Here are some specific items that could be included on the exam paper and checklist:

• Pass an ethics test
• Understand the Constitution
• Be a good listener
• Have a strong understanding of the issues facing the country
• Be able to make informed decisions
• Have the skills and experience necessary to effectively do the job

Analytics and Summary of the Constitutional Proposals 

Summary:

"The Public Service and Constitutional Knowledge Amendment" suggests that candidates for public office should demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the Constitution and relevant laws, and have prior experience in public service. The proposal aims to ensure that elected officials are well-equipped to perform their duties and make informed decisions on behalf of their constituents. 

Analysis:

1. Enhanced Understanding of Law and Constitution: The requirement for a comprehensive understanding of the Constitution and relevant laws would ensure that elected officials are well-versed in the legal framework of the nation. This could lead to more informed decision-making and legislation that better aligns with constitutional principles. 

2. Prior Public Service Experience: The requirement for prior public service experience would ensure that prospective officials have practical knowledge of how government and public service operate. This experience could provide them with valuable insights and skills that could be used in their roles as elected officials.

3. Increased Accountability: These requirements could increase the accountability of elected officials. By demonstrating their knowledge and experience before taking office, officials could be held to a higher standard of expertise and commitment to public service.

4. Potential Challenges: While there are clear benefits to this amendment, it could also face challenges. Some may argue that it restricts the democratic process by adding barriers to entry for prospective candidates. Others may question the fairness and accuracy of a standardized test for constitutional knowledge. 

5. Addressing Current Concerns: The proposal seems to be a response to concerns about the competency and preparedness of current members of Congress. If it is perceived that elected officials lack a firm grasp of the Constitution or relevant laws, or if they seem to lack a background in public service, such an amendment could be seen as a solution to these issues.

Moreover, "The Public Service and Constitutional Knowledge Amendment" could be a valuable tool to ensure elected officials possess a necessary baseline of legal knowledge and public service experience. However, it would need to be carefully crafted and implemented to avoid potential drawbacks and criticisms.

Presidential Records: "Demystifying the Presidential Records Act: A Layman's Guide"

Abstract 

Remember, the Presidential Records Act is a crucial piece of legislation that ensures transparency and accountability in the highest office in the United States, by preserving and eventually making accessible the records of Presidential actions, decisions, and deliberations.

The Presidential seal is a powerful symbol of the office of the President of the United States. It is often used to authenticate official documents, and it is also a popular design element for souvenirs and gifts. The document in the thumbnail is a generic piece of paper, but it could represent any type of official Presidential record, such as a memo, a letter, or a treaty. The juxtaposition of the seal and the document creates a visual reminder of the importance of preserving and protecting official Presidential records.

Introduction 

The Presidential Records Act (PRA) of 1978 is a federal law that governs the official records of Presidents and Vice Presidents created or received after January 20, 1981. The PRA changed the legal ownership of the official records of the President from private to public, and established a new statutory structure under which Presidents must manage their records.

Understanding the Presidential Records Act – Step by Step

1. What it Does: The PRA essentially mandates that all presidential records are public property, and must be preserved. This means that any documents, materials, or other records created and received by the President, his immediate staff, or a unit or individual of the Executive Office of the President whose function is to advise or assist the President, are not the private property of the incumbent President or any former Presidents. Instead, they belong to the people of the United States.

2. Preservation of Records: The Act requires the President to take all necessary steps to ensure that the activities, deliberations, decisions, and policies reflecting his presidential duties are adequately documented and that these records are maintained.

3. Access to Records: After a President leaves office, the Archivist of the United States assumes custody of the records. The Archivist is then responsible for processing and providing public access to the records in accordance with the provisions of the PRA.

Clearing Up False Claims

One common misconception about the PRA is that it allows Presidents to destroy their records at will. This is not true. The Act actually establishes procedures for the disposal of records that are no longer of administrative, historical, informational, or evidentiary value, but this requires the approval of the Archivist, and the incumbent President also has the right to claim executive privilege over certain records.

Another false claim is that the PRA allows for immediate public access to all Presidential records after the end of a Presidential term. While the PRA does mandate the eventual release of Presidential records, it also allows for some records to be restricted for up to 12 years after a President leaves office, and certain types of information may remain restricted even longer due to national security, privacy, and other concerns.  

National Archives and Records Service on the President Records Act 

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) plays a crucial role in implementing the Presidential Records Act (PRA). The PRA mandates that all Presidential and Vice Presidential records created after 1981 are the property of the United States government, and NARA is the agency responsible for their management and preservation.

According to NARA, the PRA defines "Presidential records" as any documentary materials created or received by the President, his immediate staff, or a unit or individual of the Executive Office of the President whose function is to advise and assist the President, in the course of conducting activities which relate to or have an effect upon the carrying out of the constitutional, statutory, or other official or ceremonial duties of the President.

Upon the end of a President's term, NARA assumes responsibility for the custody, control, and preservation of these Presidential records. The Archivist of the United States, who heads NARA, has the duty to make these records available to the public as rapidly and completely as possible consistent with the provisions of the PRA.

NARA also provides guidance to the White House on the management and preservation of electronic records, which are increasingly significant in modern presidencies. This includes emails, websites, social media posts, and other digital materials.

The PRA also sets forth procedures for the restriction and release of these records. The Act allows for public access to Presidential records through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) beginning five years after the end of the Administration, but it allows the President to invoke as many as six specific restrictions to public access for up to twelve years. The PRA also establishes procedures for Congress, courts, and subsequent administrations to obtain special access to records that remain closed to the public.

Overall, NARA's role in relation to the PRA is to ensure that the records of Presidential administrations are preserved and made accessible to the American public, providing a vital resource for understanding the decisions and actions of the U.S. Presidency.

Political Scientist on Presidential Records Act

"Demystifying the Presidential Records Act: A Layman's Guide" is an essential piece for anyone interested in understanding the mechanisms behind the preservation of Presidential records. The guide breaks down the complex legal jargon of the PRA into easily understandable terms, making it accessible to the general public.

The article correctly emphasizes that the PRA, enacted in 1978, shifted the ownership of Presidential records from private to public. This pivotal change has ensured transparency and accountability in the highest office, allowing citizens to have access to crucial historical documents.

The guide also aptly clears up common misconceptions about the PRA. For instance, it clarifies that the President cannot destroy records at will, a misunderstanding that is perhaps all too common. Instead, discarding records requires the approval of the Archivist of the United States. 

Moreover, the article underscores that while the PRA mandates the eventual release of Presidential records, it also allows for some records to be restricted for up to 12 years after a President leaves office. This nuanced understanding is crucial for comprehending the balance between transparency and the need to protect sensitive information.

Overall, the guide provides a comprehensive and clear understanding of the PRA, making a complex piece of legislation accessible to all. As a political scientist, I believe this kind of public education is indispensable for fostering informed citizens who can engage in meaningful discussions about governmental processes and accountability."